section i use of english
第一有些 完形填空
directions:?read the following text. choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b,?c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)
标题:阅览以下文本。为每个编号的空格选择最佳单词,并在答题卡上符号a、b、c或d。(10分)
第一段the idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was??coined?around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be??compared??to intelligence in animals.? though??plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that??hinted at? consciousness, researchers previously reported.
1.[a]coined??????????[b]discovered ????????[c]collected? ? ? ?? [d]issued
2.[a]attributed ??????[b]directed? ? ? ? ? ? ??[c]compared? ? ??[d]confined
3.[a]unless? ? ? ? ? ? [b]when? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [c]once? ? ? ? ? ?? ??[d]though
4.[a]cope with ??????[b]consisted of ??????[c]hinted at??? ?? ? [d]extended in?
第一段重难点词汇
consciousness /?kɑ?n??sn?s/(知道)- 标明感知和思考周围环境的才能。在这个语境中,这个词指的是植物可以具有必定程度的知道。
neurobiology /?nj?r??ba???l?d?i/(神经生物学)- 是研讨神经体系的规划、功用和打开的学科。在这个语境中,“植物神经生物学”是指将植物行为的某些方面与动物的神经体系类推的研讨领域。
intelligence /?n?tel?d??ns/(智力)- 标明获取、了解和使用常识和技能的才能。在这个语境中,这个词标明植物行为的某些方面可以类似于动物的智力。
firing /?fa??r??/(放电)- 标明开释或发送电信号的进程。在这个语境中,植物的茎和叶中的电信号放电可以引发某些暗示性的知道反应。
electrical signals /??lektr?kl ?s?ɡn?lz/(电信号)- 标明一种经过介质活动的电荷,一般用于在神经体系中传递信息。在这个语境中,植物的茎和叶中存在电信号,并可以在植物行为中起到必定作用。
stems and leaves /stems ?nd li?vz/(茎和叶)- 标明植物的撑持和光协作用有些。在这个语境中,植物的茎和叶中的电信号放电可以引发某些暗示性的知道反应。
researchers /r??s??t??z/(研讨人员)- 标明进行科学研讨和实验的人员。在这个语境中,这个词指的是之前研讨并陈述了植物可以具有某种程度知道的科学家们。
第一段翻译
植物具有某种程度的知道的主意开始在21世纪初呈现;“植物神经生物学”这个术语是环绕着这种主意创造的,即植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智力进行比照。尽管植物没有大脑,可是研讨人员早年曾报导说,它们茎和叶中的电信号的发射仍然会触发标明知道的反应。
第一段选项分析
1.[a]coined??????????[b]discovered ????????[c]collected? ? ? ?? [d]issued
[a] coined /k??nd/:铸造,创造,创造出新词或术语。
常用用法:指创造或创造一个新的词语、短语、概念或创造某个东西等。
例句:the term was coined in 2002.(“自拍”这个词是在2002年创造出来的。)
[b] discovered /d??sk?v?rd/:发现,找到,提示。
常用用法:指发现某个新的事物、表象、当地、发现或人所做的作业等。
例句:scientists have discovered a new planet.(科学家发现了一颗新行星。)
[c] collected /k??lekt?d/:搜集,搜集,集合。
常用用法:指搜集、搜集、收拾、汇总各种信息、材料、文物、数据等。
例句:i have collected all the evidence that we need.(我现已搜集了咱们需要的一切根据。)
[d] issued /???u?d/:发布,发行,发布。
常用用法:指发布、发行、发布、发布各种文件、声明、新闻、答应证等。
例句:the government issued a statement on the matter.(政府就此事发布了一份声明。)
2.[a]attributed ??????[b]directed? ? ? ? ? ? ??[c]compared? ? ??[d]confined
[a] attributed /??tr?bjut?d/ :追认,归因于?
常用用法:用于描绘某件事物被认为是由某自个、组织或缘由致使的。?
例句:the discovery was attributed to the hard work of the research team.(这项发现被归功于研讨团队的勤劳作业。)
[b] directed /d??r?kt?d/ :辅导,指挥?
常用用法:用于描绘某自个或组织对某个进程或行为进行辅导或控制。?
例句:the companys ceo directed the marketing campaign.(公司的首席实施官辅导了推广活动。)
[c] compared /k?m?p?rd/ : 比照?
常用用法:用于描绘对两个或多个事物进行比照的行为。?
例句:when compared to its competitors, this product is far superior.(与竞赛对手比较,这个产品要优良得多。)
[d] confined /k?n?fa?nd/ : 捆绑,捆绑?
常用用法:用于描绘某自个或事物遭到某种捆绑或捆绑。?
例句:the prisoner was confined to his cell for 23 hours a day.(罪犯每天被捆绑在牢房里23个小时。)
3.[a]unless? ? ? ? ? ? [b]when? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [c]once? ? ? ? ? ?? ? [d]though
[a] unless/?n?l?s/ :除非
用法:标明一种条件条件,假定不满足这个条件,后边的情况就会发生。
例句:i wont go out unless it stops raining.(除非雨停了,否则我不会出门。)
[b] when/w?n/ :当…的时分
用法:标明一种时刻或条件,某种情况发生时,紧接着会发生的情况。
例句:ill call you when i get there.(我到那儿时会给你打电话。)
[c] once/w?ns/ :一旦
用法:标明一种条件,一旦这种条件树立,后边就会紧接着发生的情况。
例句:once you start working, youll realize how hard it is.(一旦初步作业,你就领会识到有多难。)
[d] though/eo?/ :尽管
用法:标明一种转机联络,介绍一个看似敌对的情况。
例句:though he was tired, he couldnt sleep.(尽管他很累,可是他却睡不着。)
4.[a]cope with ??????[b]consisted of ??????[c]hinted at? ? ?? ? [d]extended in?
[a] cope with:应对,处置
常用于标明面临困难、应战或疑问时的应对办法。?
例句:she had to cope with the stress of her new job. (她不得不该对新作业的压力。)
[b] consisted of:由…构成
标明事物由若干有些或元素构成。?
例句:the committee consisted of five members. (委员会由五名成员构成。)
[c] hinted at:暗示,暗示
标明经过非直接的方法表达思维或意图。?
例句:he hinted at the possibility of resigning. (他暗示了辞去职务的可以性。)
[d] extended in:延伸到
标明某事物或物体在空间或时刻上延伸到某一点或某一区域。
例句:the forest extends all the way down to the river. (森林一向延伸到河滨。)
第一段长难句语法分析
- the idea?that?plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s;这句话的主语是“the idea”,谓语动词是“took root”,“took root”是曩昔式,标明这个主意在2000年代前期就现已发生了。
年代用“定冠词+(世纪百位进数+十位年代数)+s”标明例:在二十世纪三十年代,写作:in the 1930s,读作:in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties标明某年代的前期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后添加early, mid-和late 例如:在二十世纪二十年代前期 in the early 1920s;
语句中的定语从句是“that plants have some degree of consciousness”,其间“that”引导了一个主语从句,其间主语是“plants”,谓语动词是“have”,意思是“植物有某种程度的知道”。
整个语句的意思是,“植物具有某种程度的知道的主意开始在2000年代前期萌发”。
the term “plant neurobiology” was??coined?around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be??compared??to intelligence in animals.?
这句话由一个主句和一个从句构成:
1. the term “plant neurobiology” was coined around the notion.
2. that some aspects of plant behavior could be compared to intelligence in animals.
主句的主语是 “the term”(这个术语),谓语是 “was coined”(被创造出来),标明这个术语是在曩昔创造出来的。
从句是由 “that” 引导的定语从句,润饰 “the notion”(观念),在从句中,“could be compared to” 标明 “可以与…比较”,“intelligence in animals” 是与植物行为比较照的标准。
因而,整个语句的意思是:环绕这样一种观念,即有些植物行为可以与动物智能比较照,这个术语“植物神经生物学”被创造出来了。
though??plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that??hinted at? consciousness, researchers previously reported.
这句话由一个主句和一个从句构成:
主句是:the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that hinted at consciousness,其间“triggered” 是动词,标明 “触发、致使”;“responses” 是名词,标明 “反应、呼应”;“hinted at” 是短语动词,标明 “暗示、泄显露”。
从句是:researchers previously reported,其间“researchers” 是主语,标明 “研讨人员”;“previously” 是副词,标明 “早年、早年”;“reported” 是动词,标明 “陈述、报导”。
在整个语句中,“though” 是连词,标明 “尽管”;“plants” 是主语,标明 “植物”;“lack brains” 标明 “没有大脑”。
因而,整个语句的意思是:尽管植物没有大脑,可是它们茎和叶中电信号的发射仍然致使了某些反应,暗示了它们可以具有某种程度的知道,这是早年研讨人员所报导的。
第二段but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it??differs??so greatly from that of animals that so-called??evidence?of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
5.[a]suffers? ? ? ? ? ? ? [b]benefits ???????????[c]develops ??????[d]differs
6.[a]acceptance ?????[b]evidence?????????[c]cultivation ????[d]creation
第二段重难点词汇
untrue /?n?tru?/(不真实的)- 标明不真实或差错的。在这个语境中,这个词用于否定之条件到的关于植物知道的观念。
opinion article /??p?nj?n ?ɑ?t?kl/(谈论文章)- 标明一种表达自个观念的文章。在这个语境中,这篇文章提出了对之条件到的关于植物知道的观念。
complex /?k?mpleks/(凌乱的)- 标明有许多凌乱有些或联络的。在这个语境中,这个词用于描述植物生物学的凌乱性。
fascinating /?f?s?ne?t??/(诱人的)- 标明非常有招引力或引人入胜的。在这个语境中,这个词用于描述植物生物学的招引力。
differs /?d?f?rz/(不一样于)- 标明与其他事物有所不一样。在这个语境中,植物生物学与动物生物学有很大的不一样。
so-called /?s?? k??ld/(所谓的)- 标明用于描述某些人或事物的称号或称谓,并标明对其的置疑或不认同。在这个语境中,这个词用于标明对之条件到的植物智力的置疑。
evidence /??v?d?ns/(根据)- 标明撑持或对立某种观念的根据或证明。在这个语境中,这个词用于指出之条件到的植物智力的根据并不确凿。
inconclusive /??nk?n?klu?s?v/(不断定的)- 标明没有清楚结论或成果的。在这个语境中,这个词用于描述之条件到的植物智力的根据并不清楚。
authors /???θ?z/(作者)- 标明撰写文章或作品的人。在这个语境中,这个词指的是撰写了这篇文章的人。
第二段翻译
但根据一篇新的谈论文章,这样的主意是不真实的。作者写道,植物生物学是凌乱而诱人的,但它与动物的生物学差异如此之大,致使于所谓的植物智力根据尚无结论。
第二段选项分析
5.[a]suffers? ? ? ? ? ? ? [b]benefits ???????????[c]develops ??????[d]differs
[a] suffers/?s?f?z/ – 遭受痛苦,遭受丢掉
用法:标明或人或某事物遭遭受痛苦楚、丢掉、意外等。
例句:he suffers from a chronic disease.(他患有一种缓慢病。)
[b] benefits/?b?n?f?ts/ – 获益,获益
用法:标明或人或某事物从中获得利益、优点。
例句:eating a healthy diet benefits your overall health.(安康饮食有利于你的全体安康。)
[c] develops/d??v?l?ps/ – 打开
用法:标明某事物的改变、发展或演化进程。
例句:the city is developing rapidly.(这个城市正在快速打开。)
[d] differs/?d?f?rz/ -?不一样,有差异
用法:标明两个或多个事物之间的差异、差异或不一样点。
例句:the climate in the north differs greatly from that in the south.(北方的气候与南边有很大的不一样。)
6.[a]acceptance ?????[b]evidence?????????[c]cultivation ????[d]creation
[a] acceptance/?k?s?pt?ns/ – 承受
用法:标明对或人或某事物的认可或接收。
例句:her acceptance speech was very touching.(她的获奖感言很感人。)
[b] evidence/??v?d?ns/ – 根据
用法:标明某事物的证明或根据。
例句:there is no evidence to support his claim.(没有根据撑持他的说法。)
[c] cultivation/?k?lt??ve???n/ – 培育
用法:标明对某事物的培育、打开或前进。
例句:the school emphasizes the cultivation of students creativity.(学校偏重培育学生的创造力。)
[d] creation/kri?e???n/ – 创造
用法:标明或人或某事物的创造、创造或诞生。
例句:the painting is his latest creation.(这幅画是他最新的作品。)
第二段长难句语法分析
- but such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article.?
主语:an idea(一个观念)
“an idea”是主语,它标明整个语句的中心思维,是指某个观念或主意。
谓语:is untrue(是不真实的)
“is untrue”是谓语,标明主语“an idea”所表达的观念是不真实的。
润饰语:such(这样的)
“such”是润饰语,用来描绘主语“an idea”的特征。它的作用是限制主语,使得读者可以非常好地了解主语的具体意义。
连词:but(可是)
“but”是连词,用来联接前后两个语句,标明两个语句之间的联络是转机联络。在这个语句中,它引出了一个与前面的观念相反的观念。
状语:according to a new opinion article(根据一篇新的观念文章)
“according to a new opinion article”是状语,用来阐明“an idea is untrue”的来历和根据,就是根据一篇新的观念文章得出的结论。
plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it??differs??so greatly from that of animals that so-called??evidence?of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
这句话有一个主句和一个从句,主句是 。
从句的主语是 ,它们联接了两个并排的从句。
第一个并排从句是 指代动物的生物学。
第二个并排从句是 是描述词短语,用来表达说话者对该根据的置疑和不断定性。
整个语句的意思是:植物生物学非常凌乱和风趣,可是与动物的生物学比较有很大的不一样,因而所谓的植物智能的根据并不具有说服力,这是作者写的。
第三段beginning in 2006, some scientists have??argued??that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,??forming??“a plant nervous system,??analogous???to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they??even??claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
7.[a]doubted ????????[b]denied? ? ? ? ? [c]argued?????????[d]requested
8.[a]adapting ???????[b]forming? ? ? ?[c]repairing ??????[d]testing
9.[a]analogous???[b]essential? ? ? ?[c]suitable? ???????[d]sensitive
10.[a]just? ? ? ? ? ? ??[b]ever ?????????????[c] still? ? ? ? ? ?? ??[d]even
第三段重难点词汇
beginning [b??ɡ?n??] – 初步,起先
argued [?ɑ?rɡjud] – 主张,争论
possess [p??z?s] – 具有,具有
neuron-like [?nj?rɑn-la?k] – 类似神经元的
cells [s?lz] – 细胞
interact [?nt?r??kt] – 彼此作用
hormones [?h??rmo?nz] – 激素
neurotransmitters [?n?ro??tr?nzm?t?rz] – 神经递质
forming [?f??rm??] – 构成
analogous [??n?l?ɡ?s] – 类似的
even [?i?v?n] – 甚至
claimed [kle?md] – 声称
brain-like [bre?n-la?k] – 类似于大脑的
command centers [k??m?nd ?s?nt?rz] – 指挥中心
root tips [rut t?ps] – 根尖
第三段翻译
从2006年头步,一些科学家认为植物具有与激素和神经递质彼此作用的神经元样细胞,构成“一种类似于动物的植物神经体系,”首要研讨作者林肯·塔伊兹说,?巧踔辽浦参锏母庥小?br>
第三段选项分析
7.[a]doubted ????????[b]denied? ? ? ? ? ? ???[c]argued?????????[d]requested
[a] doubted/?da?t?d/ – 置疑
用法:标明对或人或某事物的置疑或不信赖。
例句:he doubted that she would come to the party.(他置疑她会来参加集会。)
[b] denied/d??na?d/ – 否定
用法:标明否定某事物的存在或真实性。
例句:he denied any involvement in the crime.(他否定与此案有任何联络。)
[c] argued/?ɑ?rɡjud/ – 争论
用法:标明就某事物进行争辩或争论。
例句:the scientists argued about the validity of the research results.(科学家们就研讨成果的有用性进行了争论。)
[d] requested/r??kw?st?d/ – 恳求
用法:标明恳求或人或某事物供给协助、效能等。
例句:she requested that the hotel room be cleaned immediately.(她需求酒店房间当即清洗。)
8.[a]adapting ???????[b]forming????????????[c]repairing ??????[d]testing
[a] adapting?/??d?pt??/ – v. 习气
用法:标明习气某种环境、情况或改变。
例句:he is adapting well to his new job.(他很习气他的新作业。)
[b] forming/?f??m??/ – n. 构成
用法:标明构成某种事物的进程。
例句:the formation of the mountain range took millions of years.(这座山脉的构成历经数百万年。)
[c] repairing/r??p?r??/ – v. 修补
用法:标明修补某种设备、物品或规划。
例句:the mechanic is repairing my car engine.(技工正在修补我的轿车建议机。)
[d]testing/?t?st??/ – n. 查验
用法:标明对某种设备、物品或体系进行查验或检测。
例句:the company is conducting testing on their new product.(公司正在对他们的新产品进行查验。)
9.[a]analogous???????[b]essential ??????????[c]suitable ???????[d]sensitive
[a] analogous/??n?l?ɡ?s/ – adj. 类似的,类似的
用法:标明两个或多个事物之间具有某些类似之处。
例句:the relationship between the brain and the computer is often described as analogous.(大脑和核算机之间的联络一般被描绘为类推的。)
[b]essential/??s?n??l/ – adj. 必要的,不可以或缺的
用法:标明某物关于结束某种使命或达到某种方针是必要的。
例句:water is essential for human survival.(水是人类生计所必需的。)
[c]suitable/?su?t?bl/ – adj. 适合的,适合的
用法:标明某物与某种需求、条件或意图相符。
例句:this dress is not suitable for a formal occasion.(这件连衣裙不合适正式场合。)
[d]sensitive/?s?ns?t?v/ – adj. 活络的,理性的
用法:标明关于某种事物或情感具有高度活络的才能或状况。
例句:some people are more sensitive to caffeine than others.(有些人对咖啡因比其别人更活络。)
10.[a]just ???????????[b]ever ??????????????[c] still ???????????[d]even
[a] just /d??st/ (adv.) 刚好,刚好;正是,恰是;只是,只是是?
用法:常用于偏重某一实际或情况的真实性或精确性,或许用于标明某个动作、状况或情况与预期或认为的不一样,或许偏重对某个事物进行评价或描绘?
例句:hes just arrived at the station.(他刚刚抵达车站。)?
[b] ever /?ev?r/ (adv.) 早年;在任何时分;究竟;究竟?
用法:用于疑问、否定和条件句中,标明对曩昔的经历、对将来的猜测或对可以性的估测?
例句:have you ever been to paris?(你早年去过巴黎吗?)?
[c] still /st?l/ (adv.) 仍然;仍是;中止不动?
用法:用于偏重事物或状况的持续或不变,或许标明两种事物或状况之间的比照
例句:im still waiting for my food to arrive.(我还在等候我的食物抵达。)?
[d] even /?i?vn/ (adv.) 即便;甚至
用法:用于偏重某一事物的意外或意外性质,或标明两个事物之间的比照
例句:even the best-laid plans can sometimes go wrong.(即就是最完满的方案有时也会犯错。)?
第三段长难句语法分析
beginning in 2006, some scientists have??argued??that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,??forming??“a plant nervous system,??analogous???to that in animals,” said lead study author lincoln taiz, “they??even??claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”
这句话可以分为三个有些来了解:
- beginning in 2006是一个时刻状语从句,用来阐明某个作业从何时初步。在这个语句中,这个作业指的是“一些科学家初步主张植物具有类似于神经元的细胞”。
some scientists have argued that…是主句,阐明某些科学家提出了一个观念,that引导宾语从句阐明观念的具体内容。该观念是“植物具有类似于神经元的细胞,这些细胞与激素和神经递质彼此作用,构成了‘类似于动物的植物神经体系’”。
最终一句话是一个引证,引证了研讨的首要作者lincoln taiz的话。他说:?巧踔辽浦参镌诟獯τ小嗨朴诖竽缘闹富又行摹薄?br>
第四段this??perspective??makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,??reducing??it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.??however??, the signaling in a plant is only??superficially??similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
11.[a]restriction ?????[b]experiment ???????[c]perspective?????[d]demand
12.[a]attaching ??????[b]reducing??????????[c]returning ??????[d]exposing
13.[a]however???????[b]moreover ????????[c]therefore ?????[d]otherwise
14.[a]temporarily ???[b]literally ??????????[c]superficially????[d]imaginarily
第四段重难点词汇
perspective [p?r?sp?kt?v] – n. 观念,视点
simplify [?s?mpl??fa?] – v. 简化,简略化
reducing [r??du?s??] – v. 削减,减小
array [??re?] – n. 摆放,阵列
electrical [??l?ktr?k?l] – adj. 电的,电力的
superficially [?sup?r?f???li] – adv. 表面上,浅陋地
complex [?kɑm?pl?ks] – adj. 凌乱的,归纳的
animal [??n?m?l] – n. 动物
brain [bre?n] – n. 大脑
mass [m?s] – n. 质量,许多
communicate [k??mju?n??ke?t] – v. 通讯,交流
electricity [??l?k?tr?s?ti] – n. 电力,电流
第四段翻译
假定你简化凌乱大脑的运作,将其简化为一系列电脉冲,这种观念是有意义的;植物中的细胞也经过电信号进行交流。 可是,植物中的信号传导只是表面上类似于凌乱动物大脑中的放电,这不只是是“经过电力交流的许多细胞”,塔伊兹说。
第四段选项分析
11.[a]restriction ?????[b]experiment ???????[c]perspective?????[d]demand
[a]restriction [r??str?k??n] (n.) 捆绑,捆绑
用法:
1.方针、规则等的捆绑:travel restrictions(旅行捆绑),speed restrictions(速度捆绑)
2.才能或行为的捆绑:budget restrictions(核算捆绑),dietary restrictions(饮食捆绑)
例句:the company has lifted all restrictions on travel expenses.(公司现已撤消了一切的出差费用捆绑。)
[b]experiment [?k?sper?m?nt] (n.) 实验
用法:
1.进行科学、医学等方面的实验:conduct an experiment(进行实验),laboratory experiments(实验室实验)
2.测验新的事物或办法:try an experiment with sth(测验某种事物),conduct a social experiment(进行社会实验)
例句:the scientist is conducting experiments on the effects of the new drug.(这位科学家正在研讨新药物的作用。)
[c]perspective [p?r?spekt?v] (n.) 视角,观念
用法:
1.视角或观念:different perspectives(不一样的观念),a historical perspective(前史视点)
2.将来的展望或前景:future perspective(将来的展望),long-term perspective(长时刻前景)
例句:its important to consider the issue from different perspectives.(从不一样的视点思考这个疑问很重要。)
[d]demand [d??m?nd] (n.) 需要,需求
用法:
1.商场或我们的需要:consumer demand(花费者需要),high demand(高需要)
2.对某物的需求或激烈需求:meet the demands of customers(满足客户的需要),make demands on sb(对或人提出需求)
例句:the company is struggling to keep up with the high demand for its products.(该公司难以满足其产品的高需要。)
12.[a]attaching ??????[b]reducing??????????[c]returning ??????[d]exposing
[a]attaching /??t?t???/ (动词) 意为“附着,系上”
用法:常用于描绘物体或许主意等的联接或附着进程。attach sth. to/on/with sth. (把某物附在某物上/上面/用某物固定某物)
例句:she attached the photo to the email.(她把相片附在了邮件中。)
[b]reducing /r??dju?s??/ (动词) 意为“削减,降低”
用法:常用于描绘数量、体积、程度等的减缩。reduce sth. by/to sth. (把某物削减了多少,减小到了某种规划)
例句:the company reduced its workforce by 10 percent.(这家公司把职工规划削减了 10%。)
[c]returning /r??t??rn??/ (动词) 意为“回来,归来”
用法:常用于描绘人、物从某个当地回到正本的方位或状况。return to/ from/ home/ work/ school (回到/从某个当地回来/回到家/作业/学校)
例句:he returned from his business trip yesterday.(他昨日从商务旅行回来了。)
[d]exposing /?k?spo?z??/ (动词) 意为“露出,戳穿”
用法:常用于描绘宣告、展示某种实际或底细。expose sth. to sb./sth. (让或人/某物露出于某种情况下)
例句:the scandal exposed the corruption at the highest levels of government.(这个丑闻戳穿了政府最高层的糜烂。)
13.[a]how
ever???????[b]moreover ????????[c]therefore ?????[d]otherwise
[a] however [hɑ?r?ev?r] conj. 可是,可是
用法:常用于语句中,标明对前面所说的内容的转机或争辩反驳,恰当于“可是”、“可是”等等。
例句:she studied hard for the exam. however, she still failed. (她为了考试尽力学习了,但仍是没经过。)
[b] moreover [m??r?o?v?r] adv. 而且,此外
用法:常用于语句中,标明前面所说的内容的弥补,恰当于“另外”、“此外”等等。
例句:he is not only intelligent but also hardworking. moreover, he is very kind to others. (他不只聪明勤勉,而且对别人很友爱。)
[c] therefore [?eerf??r] adv. 因而,所以
用法:常用于语句中,标明由前面所说的内容所推出的结论或成果,恰当于“因而”、?浴钡鹊取?br>
例句:he didnt study for the exam. therefore, he failed. (他没有为考试学习,所以失利了。)
[d] otherwise [??e?r?wa?z] adv. 否则,要否则
用法:常用于语句中,标明前面所说的条件不树立时将会呈现的情况,恰当于“否则”、“要否则”等等。
例句:you need to finish your homework; otherwise, you wont be able to go out and play. (你需要结束作业,否则你就不能出去玩了。)
14.[a]temporarily ???[b]literally? ? ? ? ? ? ??[c]superficially????[d]imaginarily
[a] temporarily [?t?mp??r?r?li] (adv.) 暂时地,暂时地,暂态地
用法:
标明某种情况、状况、行为或许情况只是暂时的。例如:(我暂时和父母住在一同,直到我找到自个的住处。)
例句:
the store will temporarily close for renovation.(这家商铺将因装饰暂时关闭。)
im just here temporarily.(我只是暂时在这儿。)
[b] literally [?l?t?r?li] (adv.) 照字面意义地,的确地
用法:
标明某个词或短语的字面意义,或许表达某种真实的、实际上的意义。
标明某种说法是完全精确的或契合实际的。
标明偏重某种说法的正确性或真实性。
例句:
he literally broke the vase in half.(他真的把花瓶从中心掰成两半了。)
the room was so hot, i was literally sweating buckets.(房间太热了,我真的汗流浃背。)
[c] superficially [?sup?r?f???li] (adv.) 表面上,浅陋地
用法:
标明某种观点、知道、了解或许描绘只是关于表面表象的,而没有深化到中心或许本质。
标明某自个的行为、情绪或许说话只是表面上的,而没有真实的意图或许豪情。
例句:
he only superficially understood the problem.(他只是表面上了解了这个疑问。)
she superficially apologized, but i could tell she didnt really mean it.(她表面上抱愧了,但我能看出她并不是诚心的。)
[d] imaginarily [??m?d??n?r?li] (adv.) 愿望上,虚拟地,设想地
用法:
标明某种作业只是愿望中的、虚拟的或许设想的,而不是真实存在的。
标明某自个的主意、说话或许行为只是愿望出来的,而没有真实的基础或许根据。
例句:
the story is imaginarily set in the 22nd century.(这个故事是想象在22世纪。)
he was speaking imaginarily, without any real knowledge of the subject.(他胡说8道,对这个论题一无所知。)
第四段长难句语法分析
- this??perspective??makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,??reducing??it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.?
this perspective makes sense是主句,描绘了某个观念是有意义的。在这个语句中,这个观念是“假定你将凌乱的大脑运作简化为一系列电信号的摆放,那么这个观念就是有意义的”。
reducing it to an array of electrical pulses是一个如今分词短语作伴随状语,用来阐明主句中说到的“将大脑运作简化”是如何完成的。这个如今分词短语中,reducing是主语you的动作,it是宾语,指代主句中的“the workings of?a complex brain”,to是介词,联接如今分词和它的宾语。
持续看主句,后边的有些cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals则是一个并排从句,用来对主句中说到的“将大脑运作简化为电信号的摆放”进行类推。这个并排从句中,cells是主语,communicate 是谓语动词,through electrical signals是介词短语,用来阐明细胞之间的交流方法。
因而,整个语句的根柢规划是“主句 + 伴随状语 + 并排从句”。主句描绘了一个观念的合理性,伴随状语阐明晰这个观念是如何完成的,而并排从句则对这个观念进行了类推。
?however??, the signaling in a plant is only??superficially??similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said.
这句话可以分为三个有些来了解:
however是一个副词,用来标明转机联络。在这个语句中,它起到了转机的作用,阐明尽管植物中的信号传递和动物大脑中的神经元放电有必定的类似之处,可是它们的本质是不一样的。
the signaling in a plant is only superficially similar to the firing in a complex animal brain是主句,阐明晰植物中信号传递与动物大脑神经元的放电只是表面上有些类似。这个主句中,the signaling in a plant是主语,is only superficially similar是谓语动词,to the firing in a complex animal brain是定语从句,用来润饰主语。
which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” taiz said是一个非捆绑性定语从句,用来对前面说到的“a complex animal brain”进行进一步说明。这个定语从句中,which是联络代词,指代前面说到的“a complex animal brain”,is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity”是表语,阐明晰动物大脑的本质不只是是由神经元构成的“电信号通讯的细胞群”,taiz said标明这是lincoln taiz所说的话。
因而,整个语句的根柢规划是“转机副词 + 主句 + 非捆绑性定语从句”。主句阐明晰植物中的信号传递和动物大脑中神经元的放电只是表面上类似,定语从句进一步说明了动物大脑的本质并引证了一个引证语。
第五段“for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold??level??of complexity and capacity is required,” he??added ?.?“since plants don’t have nervous systems, the??chances?that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
15.[a]list ????????????[b]level?????????????[c]label ???????????[d]local
16.[a]recalled ???????[b]agreed ???????????[c]questioned ?????[d]added
17.[a]chances????????[b]risks ?????????????[c]excuses ????????[d]assumptions
第五段重难点词汇
consciousness [?k?n??sn?s] – 知道,感觉
evolve [??v?lv] – 进化,打开
threshold [θre?h??ld] – 阈值,临界点
complexity [k?m?pl?ks?ti] – 凌乱性,凌乱度
capacity [k??p?s?ti] – 容量,才能
required [r??kwa?rd] – 需要的,必要的
added [??d?d] – 弥补说,附加说
nervous systems [n??v?s ?s?st?mz] – 神经体系
chances [???ns?z] – 可以性,机缘
effectively [??f?kt?vli] – 有用地,实践上
第五段翻译
“为了使知道进化,需要一个具有阈值水平的凌乱性和容量的大脑,”他弥补说。“因为植物没有神经体系,它们有知道的可以性实践上为零。”
第五段选项分析
15.[a]list ????????????[b]level?????????????[c]label ???????????[d]local
[a] list /l?st/ (n.): 一览表,清单;(v.) 列出,把…编列成表格?
用法:make a list (列一份清单),add to the list (参加到清单中),cross off the list (从清单中划掉),bucket list (人生方针清单)
例句:i need to make a list of all the things i need to buy at the grocery store. (我需要列一份清单,把在杂货店需要买的一切东西都列出来。)
[b] level /?lev?l/ (n.): 水平,高度;(adj.) 平坦的,水平的?
用法:at the same level (在同一水平线上),level the playing field (公正竞赛),high/low level (高/低水平)
例句:the carpenter made sure that the table was level before putting the drinks on it. (木匠保证桌子在放饮料前是水平的。)
[c] label /?le?bl/ (n.): 标签,符号;(v.) 给…贴标签,把…称为?
用法:read the label (读标签),peel off the label (剥离标签),mislabel something (差错地贴标签)
例句:please make sure to label the boxes with the correct address. (请有必要用正确的地址给盒子贴标签。)
[d] local /?l??kl/ (adj.): 当地的,本地的;(n.) 当地居民
常用用法:local business (本地公司),local customs (当地风俗),support local (撑持本地)
例句:i love going to the local farmers market on the weekends. (我喜爱周末去当地的农贸商场。)
16.[a]recalled ???????[b]agreed ???????????[c]questioned ?????[d]added
[a] recalled /r??k??ld/ v. 回想起;召回;收回?
用法:recalled to mind(回想起);recall a product(召回产品);recall a statement(收回陈述)?
例句:i suddenly recalled that i had left my keys on the table. (我俄然想起我把钥匙落在了桌子上。)?
[b] agreed /??ɡri?d/ v. 附和?
用法:agree with sb.(与或人定见共同);agree to sth.(附和做某事);agree on sth.(就某事达到共同)?
例句:we all agreed that the party was a great success. (咱们都认为集会非常红功。)
汉语翻译:附和
[c] questioned /?kw?st??nd/ v. 质疑;具体询问?
用法:question the validity of(质疑…的有用性);be questioned by sb.(被或人具体询问);question sb. about sth.(问询或人某事)?
例句:the suspect was questioned by the police for hours. (嫌疑人被警方具体询问了几个小时。)?
[d] added /??d?d/ v. 添加;弥补说?
用法:add sth. to sth.(把某物添加到某物中);add up(算计);add to sth.(添加到某物中)?
例句:she added that she would also be attending the conference. (她弥补说她也会参加会议。)?
17.[a]chances????????[b]risks ?????????????[c]excuses ????????[d]assumptions
[a]chances /?t??ns?z/ n. 可以性,机缘?
用法:
take a chance (on something/someone):冒险测验(某事物/或人)
by any chance:可巧,偶尔地
chance of a lifetime:终身可贵的机缘
stand a chance:有可以,有期望?
例句:i decided to take a chance on the new restaurant, and it turned out to be amazing.(我抉择冒险测验这家新餐厅,成果很棒。)
[b]risks /r?sks/ n. 风险,冒险?
用法:
take a risk (on something/someone):冒险测验(某事物/或人)
run the risk (of something):冒…的风险
high/low risk:高/低风险
worth the risk:值得冒险?
例句:investing in the stock market involves taking risks.(出资股市商场触及到冒险。)
[c]excuses /?k?skju?s?z/ n. 托言,辩解?
用法:
make an excuse:找托言
no excuse:无可辩解,没有理由
accept an excuse:承受托言
excuse me:有劳,对不住
例句:he always makes excuses for being late to work.(他老是找迟到上班的托言。)
[d]assumptions /??s?mp??nz/ n. 假定,假定?
用法:
make an assumption:做出假定
base/ground an assumption on something:以…为基础/根据假定
false assumption:差错的假定
challenge an assumption:质疑假定?
例句:we cant make any assumptions until we have all the facts.(在咱们掌控一切的实际之前,咱们不能做出任何假定。)
第五段语法分析
- “for consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold??level??of complexity and capacity is required,” he??added??.
这句话可以分红两有些:前置宾语从句“a brain with a threshold level of complexity and capacity is required”和主谓语“he added”(他弥补道)。
宾语从句有些的中心是“a brain is required”(需要一个大脑),其他有些是润饰“a brain”的短语:“with a threshold level of complexity and capacity”(具有必定的凌乱度和容量阈值)。这个短语用来进一步描绘“a brain”,指出大脑需要具有必定的凌乱度和容量阈值,才干推进知道的进化。
该语句表达的意思是:他弥补道“为了知道进化,需要大脑具有必定的凌乱度和容量阈值。”
?“since plants don’t have nervous systems, the??chances?that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
这句话可以分为两个首要有些:
第一有些:since plants don’t have nervous systems.
“since”是一个连词,用来引导一个缘由状语从句。
第二个有些:the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.
第二个有些是一个复合句,主句是“the chances are effectively zero”(机缘几乎为零),“that they have consciousness”(他们有知道)是定语从句。
该语句表达的意思是:“因为植物没有神经体系,它们有知道的可以性实践上为零。”
第六段and what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? plants can’t run away from danger??, so investing energy in a body system which??recognizes??a threat and can feel pain would be a very??poor??evolutionary strategy,?according to the article.
18.[a] danger????????[b]failure ????????????[c]warning ???????[d]control
19.[a]represents ???[b]includes ?????????[c]reveals ????????[d]recognizes
20.[a]humble ????????[b]poor??????????????[c]practical ???????[d]easy
第六段重难点词汇
consciousness [?kɑ?n??sn?s]:知道,感知才能
recognize [?rek?ɡna?z]:知道,辨认
evolutionary [?i?v??lu???nri]:进化的
strategy [?str?t?d?i]:战略
第六段翻译
究竟,知道有啥了不起的?根据这篇文章,植物不能躲避风险,所以在一个可以辨认挟制并能感遭到痛苦的身体系统中投入能量将是一个非常糟糕的进化战略。
第六段选项分析
18.[a] danger????????[b]failure ????????????[c]warning ???????[d]control
[a] danger /?de?nd??r/ n. 风险,风险的事物; vt. 危及,挟制?
用法:
in danger: 处于风险中
pose a danger to: 对……构成风险
out of danger: 平安了
be in danger of: 处于……的风险之中
例句:the hiker was in danger of falling off the cliff.(这名步行旅行者面临着掉下山崖的风险。)
[b] failure /?fe?lj?r/ n. 失利,失利的人或事物;不实施责任,未抵达意图?
用法:
be a failure: 失利的人或事物
end in failure: 以失利告终
fear of failure: 对失利的惊骇
risk of failure: 失利的风险
例句:the companys new product was a failure in the market.(公司的新产品在商场上失利了。)
[c] warning /?w??rn??/ n. 警告,劝诫; adj. 警告的,预警的?
用法:
give a warning: 宣告警告
ignore a warning: 忽略警告
sound a warning: 宣告警报
warning sign: 警告标志
例句:the weather forecast issued a warning of strong winds.(气候预告发布了强风预警。)
[d] control /k?n?tro?l/ n. 控制,掌控; vt. 控制,打点?
用法:
take control of: 掌控
lose control of: 失掉控制
be under control: 处于控制之下
control group: 对照组
例句:the teacher had to control the class when they became too noisy.(当学生们变得太吵嚷时,教师不得不控制班级。)
19.[a]represents ???[b]includes ?????????[c]reveals ????????[d]recognizes
[a]represents /?r?pr??z?nts/ v. 标明;代表
用法:
标明某个概念、观念、定见等。
代表某自个、组织、集体等。
例句:
the color blue represents calmness and tranquility.(蓝色代表恬静和安靖。)
the union is represented by a team of lawyers.(这个工会由一支律师团队代表。)
[b]includes /?n?klu?dz/ v. 包括;包括
用法:
包括某个规模内的事物。
把某个事物归入某个领域或品种。
例句:
the price of the hotel room includes breakfast.(酒店房价包括早餐。)
the course includes a wide range of topics.(这门课程包括广泛的主题。)
[c]reveals /r??vi?lz/ v. 提示;展示
用法:
戳穿某个实际或底细。
展示某个情况或状况。
例句:
the report reveals that the company has been losing money for the past three years.(陈述提示了这家公司曩昔三年一向在亏本。)
the sunset revealed a beautiful view of the ocean.(日落展示了秀丽的海景。)
[d]recognizes /?r?k?ɡna?z?z/ v. 认可;招认
用法:
招认某自个或事物的存在或重要性。
公布某自个或组织荣誉或奖赏。
例句:
the government recognizes the importance of education.(政府知道到教育的重要性。)
the nobel prize recognizes outstanding achievements in various fields.(诺贝尔奖赞誉各个领域的超卓作用。)
20.[a]humble ????????[b]poor??????????????[c]practical ???????[d]easy
[a]humble /?h?mb?l/ adj. 谦逊的;粗陋的
用法:
描述人谦善、谦恭。
描述物品简略、朴素。
例句:
she remained humble despite her success.(尽管成功了,她仍然谦善。)
he lived in a humble cottage in the countryside.(他住在乡下一间粗陋的小屋里。)
[b]poor /p?r/ adj. 贫穷的;匮乏的
用法:
描述人短少金钱、本钱等。
描述物品数量缺乏、质量欠安等。
例句:
the family is too poor to afford a proper meal.(这家人太穷了,无法付出正常的餐费。)
the soup was poor in flavor and lacked seasoning.(汤的味道很差,短少调味料。)
[c]practical /?pr?kt?k?l/ adj. 有用的;实践的
用法:
描述事物具有有用价值或实践意义。
描述人讲究实践性、有用性。
例句:
this tool is very practical for diy projects.(这个东西对diy项目非常有用。)
he is a practical person who always thinks about the most efficient way to do things.(他是一个讲究实践的人,老是想着最有功率的干事方法。)
[d]easy /?i?zi/ adj. 简略的;轻松的
用法:
描述事物简略易做,简略了解。
描述人道格豪氤、简略共处。
例句:
this recipe is very easy to follow.(这个食谱非常简略依照做。)
she has an easy-going personality and gets along with everyone.(她性格和顺,和每自个都共处得极好。)
第六段长难句语法分析
plants can’t run away from?danger??, so investing energy in a body system which??recognizes??a threat and can feel pain would be a very??poor??evolutionary strategy,?according to the article.
这句话可以分红两个首要有些
第一有些:“plants can’t run away from danger” 是缘由状语从句。
第二有些:主句“so investing energy in a body system which recognizes a threat and can feel pain would be a very poor evolutionary strategy, according to the article”。
主句的骨干为“investing energy would be a very poor evolutionary strategy”,意为“出资能量将是一种非常糟糕的进化战略”。主句中,“which recognizes a threat and can feel pain”为一个定语从句,润饰“a body system”,标明“一个可以辨认挟制并可以感触苦楚的身体系统”。
这句话的意思:植物无法躲避风险,因而,根据这篇文章,出资于一个可以辨认挟制并可以感触苦楚的身体系统将是一种非常糟糕的进化战略。