原标题:考研英语【题源外刊】第100期:数字年代的竞赛:如何战胜科技巨子?
now, 正式进入到第 99期 外刊精读la
原文期刊:经济学人
原文标题:
competition in the digital age: how to tame the tech titans?
考研英语阅览论题—独占
独占 (monopoly) (一般译独占),经济学术语,是一种商场规划,指一个作业里有且只需一家公司(或卖方)生意产品或许效能。一般分为卖方独占和买方独占。卖方独占指仅有的卖者在一个或多个商场,经过一个或多个期间,面比照赛性的花费者;买者独占 (monopsony) 则恰恰相反。理论揣度独占者在商场上,可以根据自个的利益需要,调度价格与产量,但没有切当事例供给撑持。
在某些特定作业里,会呈现天然独占(natural monopoly)。此类独占会使地址作业的运营愈加高效,比方铁路缔造,国家电网等等,过多的竞赛只会让此作业运营功率降低,然后引发商场失灵(market failure)。政府有时也需要适度干与,拟定方针,但条件是让商场机制非常好地发扬作用,让经济(或许此作业)以最高效的方法运转。
皮皮小科普
这篇文章选自《经济学人》2021年1月18日注销的一篇文章,首要分析了科技巨子对技能商场竞赛公正性的影响并谈论了应对办法。这篇文章是一篇疑问分析处置型的文章,运用了让步、总分、例子等证明办法,逻辑顺畅、有理有据。
【行文条理】奉告表象(第一段)——分析影响(第二至四段)——分析行动(第五至8段段)——总结(第九段)
part one: 原文&单词
ⅰ①not long ago, being the boss of a big western tech firm was a dream job. ②as the billions rolled in, so did the plaudits: 谷歌, facebook, amazon and others were making the world a better place. ③today these companies are accused of being bad—big, anti-competitive, addictive and destructive to democracy.
第①段单词:
1.rolled in 接连不断;呈现;滚滚而来
2.*plaudit [‘pl?:d?t] n. 拍手,喝彩;称誉,赞扬
3.bad [b?d] adj. 凶暴的;不道德的
4.destructive [d??str?kt?v] adj. 损坏(性)的;消除(性)的
ⅱ①much of this techlash is misguided. ②the presumption that big businesses must necessarily be wicked is plain wrong. ③apple is to be admired as the world’s most valuable listed company for the simple reason that it makes things people want to buy, even while facing fierce competition. ④many online services would be worse if their providers were smaller.
第②段单词:
5.misguided [?m?s?ga?d?d] adj. (观念、方案)受差错思维引导的;(人)被差错地引导的,被引入歧途的
6.presumption [pr??z?mp?n] n. 假定;假定
7.wicked [?w?k?d] adj. 缺德的;凶暴的;凶狠的
8.plain [ple?n] adv. (用于描述词前加强口气)显着,完全地
9.fierce [f??s] adj. 极度的;无量的;激烈的
ⅲ①but big tech platforms do indeed raise a worry about fair competition. ②that is partly because they often benefit from legal exemptions. ③unlike publishers, facebook and 谷歌 are rarely held responsible for what users do on them. ④nor do the titans simply compete in a market. ⑤increasingly, they are the market itself. ⑥there is thus a justified fear that the tech titans will use their power to protect and extend their dominance, to the detriment of consumers.
第③段单词:
10.exemption [?g?zemp?n] n. 清除;豁免
(注:豁免准则,在实习中,某些特定领域、特定事项或许特定情况下的独占行为,尽管在方法上契合反独占法的阻止规则,但全体上看却有利于社会全体利益,因而将其从反独占法的适用规模打扫出去,这就是反独占法的豁免准则。)
11.justified [?d??st?fa?d] adj. (抉择、行为或主意)合理的,合理的
12.dominance [‘d?m?n?ns] n. 分配;控制
13.*detriment [?detr?m?nt] n. 损害,损伤,晦气
ⅳ①the early signs are already visible. ②the european commission has accused 谷歌 of using control of android, its mobile operating system, to give its own apps a leg up. ③facebook keeps buying firms which could one day lure users away: first instagram, then whatsapp and most recently tbh, an app that lets teenagers send each other compliments anonymously.
第④段单词:
14.visible [?v?z?bl] adj. 可见的;看得见的
15.give…a leg up 助人一臂之力
16.lure [l??] v. 引诱;引诱;欺诈
17.compliment [?k?mpl?m?nt] n. 赞许;恭维(话)
18.anonymously [?’n?n?m?sl?] adv. 匿名地
ⅴ①what to do? ②in the past, societies have tackled monopolies either by breaking them up or by regulating them as a public utility. ③today both those approaches have big drawbacks. ④the traditional tools of utilities regulation, such as price controls and profit caps, are hard to apply, since most products are free and would come at a high price in forgone investment and innovation. ⑤likewise, a full-scale break-up would cripple the platforms’ economies of scale, worsening the service they offer consumers.
第⑤段单词:
19.tackle [?t?kl] v. (决断或高效地)应对,处置,处置(难题或使命)
20.monopoly [m??n?p?l?] n. 独占公司;专卖者
21.break … up (使)割裂;(被)拆分;(使)破碎
22.regulate [?regjule?t] v. (尤指经过规章准则)打点,调整,控制
23.*utility [ju:?t?l?t?] n. 共用作业
24.approach [??pr??t?] n. 办法;情绪;办法
25.drawback [?dr?:b?k] n. 缺陷;缺陷;晦气条件
26.cap [k?p] n. (收入、开支或借贷金额的)最高限额
27.*forgo [f?:?g?u] v. 摒弃;摒绝;扔掉
28.cripple [?kr?pl] v. 严峻损坏(机器);损坏(组织、体系)
ⅵ①two broad changes of thinking, however, would go a long way towards sensibly taming the titans. ②the first is to make better use of existing competition law. ③trustbusters should scrutinise mergers to gauge whether a deal is likely to neutralise a potential long-term threat. ④to ensure that the platforms do not favour their own products, oversight groups could be set up to deliberate on complaints from rivals.
第⑥段单词:
29.go a long way towards doing sth 对做某事协助很大
30.sensibly [‘sens?bl?] adv. (行为或抉择)正确地,沉着地,合理地
31.*trustbuster [‘tr?st?b?st?] n. 需求闭幕托拉斯的人,联邦反托拉斯查看官
(注:托拉斯,trust音译,独占组织的高档方法之一。由许多出产同类产品的公司或产品有亲近联络的公司兼并构成。旨在独占出售商场、抢夺材料产地和出资规模,加强竞赛力气,以获取高额独占获利。)
32.*scrutinise [?skru:t?na?z] v. 具体查看;细心调查
33.*merger [?m?:d??] n. (公司、组织等的)兼并,归并
34.gauge [ɡe?d?] v. 判别,断定(人的行为、情感或意图)
35.*neutralise [?nju:tr?la?z] v. 使无效;使无法正常作业
36.*oversight [???v?sa?t] n. 看管;监督;担任
37.deliberate [d??l?b?r?t] v. (尤指作出严峻抉择前)稳重思考,细心思考
38.rival [?ra?vl] n. 竞赛者;对手;敌手
ⅶ①second, trustbusters need to think afresh about how t
ech markets work. ②a central insight, one increasingly discussed among economists and regulators, is that personal data are the currency in which customers actually buy services. ③through that prism, the tech titans receive valuable information—on their users’ behaviour, friends and purchasing habits—in return for their products. ④it needs a new set of laws to govern the ownership and exchange of data, with the aim of giving solid rights to individuals.
第⑦段单词:
39.*afresh [??fre?] adv. 从头;从头;另行
40.central [?sentr?l] adj. 最重要的;中心的
41.insight [??nsa?t] n. 调查;深化晓得;深化见地
42.currency [?k?r?ns?] n. 通货;钱银
43.*prism [?pr?z?m] n. 棱镜
44.solid [?s?l?d] adj. (作业、定见等)真实有用的,充分的,实真实在的
ⅷ①in essence this means giving people more control over their information. ②regulators could oblige platform firms to make anonymised bulk data available to competitors, in return for a fee. ③such data-sharing requirements could be calibrated to firms’ size: the bigger platforms are, the more they have to share. ④these mechanisms would turn data from something titans hoard, to suppress competition, into something users share, to foster innovation.
第⑧段单词:
45.oblige [??bla?d?] v. (局势、规则或法令)强逼,迫使
46.*anonymise [??n?n?ma?z] v. 隐去(实验成果等)中的名字材料,使匿名
47.*calibrate [?k?l?bre?t] v. 校定,校准,调度(计量用具)
48.*hoard [h?:d] v. 贮藏;囤积
49.suppress [s??pres] v. 限制,抑制,阻挡(进程或活动)
50.foster [?f?st?] v. 推进;鼓舞;培育
ⅸ①none of this will be simple, but it would tame the titans without wrecking the gains they have brought.
第⑨段单词:
51.*wreck [rek] v. 毁掉;损坏;损坏
52.gain [ge?n] v. (财务)收益,获利
(标*的为超纲词)
part two: 长难句语法指点
to ensurethat the platforms do not favour their own products,oversight groups could be set up to deliberate on complaints from rivals.
标红有些为主句,蓝色有些为不定式作意图状语,绿色有些为that引导的宾语从句。
deliberate 熟词僻义,v.细心思考;沉思熟虑
deliberate on sth
part three: 写作句型学习
as xx rolled in, so did yy: ……
跟着xx滚滚涌来,yy也纷繁而来:
原文例句:
as the billions rolled in, so did the plaudits: 谷歌, facebook, amazon and others were making the world a better place.跟着几百万金钱滚滚涌来,欣赏也纷繁而来:谷歌、脸书、亚马逊和其他科技公司将世界变成了一个非常好的当地。
there is thus a justified fear that ……, to the detriment of aa.
忧虑……,损害aa的权益,也在道理之中。
原文例句:
there is thus a justified fear that the tech titans will use their power to protect and extend their dominance, to the detriment of consumers.因而,忧虑科技巨子们会使用他们的权力保卫并扩展其商场主导权,损害花费者的权益,也在道理之中。
in the past, aa have tackled xx either by…… or by …….
曩昔,aa处置/处置xx不是 …….,就是 …….。
原文例句:
in the past, societies have tackled monopolies either by breaking them up or by regulating them as a public utility. 曩昔,社会处置独占公司不是将其溃散,就是将其作为共用作业进行打点。
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