①following the explosion of creativity in florence during the 14th century known as the renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.
?②it turned from god and the authority of the roman catholic church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.?
③renaissance ideas had spread throughout europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.?
④(46) with the church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
①following the explosion of creativity in florence during the 14th century known as the renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.
following?
prep.在…之后;紧接着(这儿是介词短语做状语),换成after就好了。
explode vi. 爆破;爆破;迸发。
—— explosion n. 爆破;爆破;激增
creativity n. 创造力
florence n. 佛罗伦萨(意大利城市)
known有些是分词后置定语,润饰14世纪
the renaissance:
文艺复兴时期(指的是14—17世纪)
即:在14世纪文艺复兴时刻的佛罗伦萨,跟着人类创造力的大迸发
主句有些:the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.
see vt. 见证,同witness
departure n. 脱离;违背。
—— depart vt. 脱离;违背。
departure from sth:违背
what有些是宾语从句
it指现代世界
这儿的departure指的是现代世界和旧世界(it had once known)别离
【无缺译文】
① 在14世纪文艺复兴时刻的佛罗伦萨,跟着人类创造力的大迸发,现代世界见证(目睹)了它与旧世界的别离。
①following the explosion of creativity in florence during the 14th century known as the renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.?
②it turned from god and the authority of the roman catholic church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.?
③renaissance ideas had spread throughout europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.
?④(46)?with the church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
②it turned from?god and the authority of the roman catholic church?and?instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.
这是两个语句:
①?it turned from?god and the authority of the roman catholic church
it指modern world
god n.?天主
authority n.?声威
the romancatholic church:罗马天主教会
即:它是从声威的天主和罗马天主教会改动而来
②?it instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.
favor v.?有利于
humanistic adj.人本主义的;人文主义的
approach n.?办法;方法
being n.?生计;存在;生物;人
【无缺译文】
①它是从声威的天主和罗马天主教会改动而来;转而以一种愈加人文主义的方法来看待人。
③renaissance ideas had spread throughout europe?well into the 17th century,?with?the arts and sciences?flourishing?extraordinarily among those?with a more logical disposition.
with有些是分词做状语,这儿是with +?名词?+?分词的规划,仍是比照常见的
flourish vt.?昌盛;昌盛
extraordinary adj.特别的。
——extraordinarily adv.?极端;极点地
logical adj.?合理的;符合逻辑的;合情合理的
disposition n.?性格;性格;意向
【无缺译文】
①?进入17世纪,文艺复兴时期的思维现已传遍整个欧洲,在那些更有逻辑倾向(愈加依托逻辑思考)的人中,艺术和科学的思维变得极端昌盛。
②?到了17世纪,文艺复兴时期的思维现已传遍了整个欧洲,在那些更理性的人中,艺术和科学得到了史无前例的推重。
(46) with the church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
with the church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
with有些是分词做状语,和上一句相同:
with the church’s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance
teaching n. 教义
way of thinking:思考方法。
eclipse vt. 使相形见绌
即:①跟着教会的教义/学说和思考方法(思维方法)在文艺复兴时期逐渐失掉其重要性(逐渐式微/丢失)。
②文艺复兴使得教会的教义和思考方法逐步损失了其重要性。
语句骨干:the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged
bridge the gap/gulf/divide (between a and b):消除(a、b之间的)隔阂;间隔;不合。这儿是用的被逼
the medieval n.中世纪
modern period:现代世界(指的就是中世纪之后的世界)
即:①中世纪与现代世界之间的间隔被消除。
②中世纪与现代世界之间的间隔现已被消除。
leading有些是分词做状语,也可以写成非限制性定语从句:
which lead to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
unexplored adj.不知道的;无人进入的;未经勘探的;未画进地图的。
territory n. 疆域;领域;地带;地盘。
即:这就催生了全新的和不知道的常识领域。
【无缺译文】
① 跟着教会的教义/学说和思考方法(思维方法)在文艺复兴时期逐渐失掉其重要性(逐渐式微/丢失),中世纪与现代世界之间的间隔被消除,催生了全新的和不知道的常识领域。
② 跟着教会的教义和思维方法在文艺复兴时期相形见绌,中世纪和现代世界之间的思维不合被消除,通向未被探究的新常识领域。
③ 跟着教会的教义和思维方法因文艺复兴而昏暗无光,中世纪和现代两个前史时期之间架起了桥梁,进而通向了簇新和未探究过的常识领域。
①during the renaissance, the great minds of nicolaus copernicus, johannes kepler and galileo galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.
?②(47) before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geo-centric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe.?
③copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the earth, but the sun, a system that was later upheld by galileo at his own expense.?
④offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.
①during the renaissance, the great minds of nicolaus copernicus, johannes kepler and galileo galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.
mind n. 思维
nicolaus copernicus:尼古拉斯·哥白尼
johannes kepler:约翰尼斯·开普勒
galileo galilei:伽利略·伽利雷(这是全名)
demonstrate vt.证明
scientific adj.科学的
【无缺译文】
① 文艺复兴时刻,哥白尼、开普勒和伽利略的巨大思维证明晰科学研讨和发现的力气。
④offering up such a theory?during a time of high tension?between scientific and religious minds?was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.
offer vt.?供给(这儿是分词短语做主语)
theory n.?理论,即:上文说的日心说的理论
tension n.?严峻局势;敌对(between a and b)
religious adj.?宗教的
即:在科学思维与宗教思维严峻敌对的时分,提出这样一个理论
brand sth as sth:美化;损坏;诬害
heresy n.?宗教异端;异端;??br>
即:在科学和宗教思维高度严峻的时期,提出这样的理论被视为妖言惑众
and后边是另外一个语句:
any such heretics?that continued to spread these lies?were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.
heretic n.?异教徒;异端分子
that有些是定语从句
lie n.?鬼话(这儿指日心说这样的理论,就是谁传达这种理论,谁就是异端分子,就要被赏罚,就是heresy)
imprison vt.?拘禁;关押。
——?imprisonment n.?拘禁;关押
【无缺译文】
①?在科学思维和宗教思维联络高度严峻的时期,提出这样的理论被视为妖言惑众,任何持续传达这些鬼话的异端分子都将被处以拘禁甚至死刑。
①(48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.?
②it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
①(48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
despite有些是让步状语
attempt n. 尽力;测验
by有些和to有些都是attempts的后置定语
suppress vt. 打压;限制;抑制
this指前文说的哥白尼、开普勒这样的人,就是这群人。
logic n. 逻辑;逻辑学。
—— logician n. 逻辑学家。
—— logical adj. 逻辑的。
rational adj. 合理的;理性的。
—— rationalist n. 理性主义者;唯理论者。
即:尽管束会尽力打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者们。
主句有些:
more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
explain vt. 说明;阐明。
—— explanation n. 说明;阐明。
for有些是介词规划后置定语,润饰explanation
how有些是介词for的宾语从句。
function vi. 作业;运转;n. 作用;交际集会。
即:更多关于世界是如何运转的说明
中心骨干:explanations were being made.?
直译:越来越多的说明正在被制造(出产)。也就是呈现了越来越多的说明。
at…rate:以…速度
that有些是rate的定语从句
the people couldno longer ignore.
no longer:不再
ignore vt. 无视;忽略。
即:这些说明是以一种我们不可以以再无视的速度呈现。就是这些说明都呈现的非常快,非常多。我们必需要加以重视。
【无缺译文】
①尽管,教会多次打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和和理性主义者们,可是,关于世界是如何运转的说明(阐释理论)越来越多,而且,以一种我们不可以能再无视的速度呈现。
②尽管束会企图对新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者进行打压,但对世界如何运转的说明理论越来越多,而且其速度之快让我们难以再视若无睹、不闻不问、置之不理。
③尽管束会多次打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者,但关于世界运转原理的阐释仍是不断呈现,其速度让世人再也无法视若无睹。
②it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
这是个偏重句,偏重状语
these指的就是哥白尼等这样的逻辑学家的发现——日心说
philosophy n. 哲学
founded有些是分词后置定语,润饰哲学
reason n. 理性
【无缺译文】
①正是伴跟着这些巨大的发现,一种以理性为基础的全新哲学诞生了。
①(48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.?
②it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
①(48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
desp
ite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
despite有些是让步状语
attempt n. 尽力;测验
by有些和to有些都是attempts的后置定语
suppress vt. 打压;限制;抑制
this指前文说的哥白尼、开普勒这样的人,就是这群人。
logic n. 逻辑;逻辑学。
—— logician n. 逻辑学家。
—— logical adj. 逻辑的。
rational adj. 合理的;理性的。
—— rationalist n. 理性主义者;唯理论者。
即:尽管束会尽力打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者们。
主句有些:
more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.
explain vt. 说明;阐明。
—— explanation n. 说明;阐明。
for有些是介词规划后置定语,润饰explanation
how有些是介词for的宾语从句。
function vi. 作业;运转;n. 作用;交际集会。
即:更多关于世界是如何运转的说明
中心骨干:explanations were being made. 0直译:越来越多的说明正在被制造(出产)。也就是呈现了越来越多的说明。
at…rate:以…速度
that有些是rate的定语从句
the people couldno longer ignore.
no longer:不再
ignore vt. 无视;忽略。
即:这些说明是以一种我们不可以以再无视的速度呈现。就是这些说明都呈现的非常快,非常多。我们必需要加以重视。
【无缺译文】
①尽管,教会多次打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和和理性主义者们,可是,关于世界是如何运转的说明(阐释理论)越来越多,而且,以一种我们不可以能再无视的速度呈现。
②尽管束会企图对新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者进行打压,但对世界如何运转的说明理论越来越多,而且其速度之快让我们难以再视若无睹、不闻不问、置之不理。
③尽管束会多次打压这些新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者,但关于世界运转原理的阐释仍是不断呈现,其速度让世人再也无法视若无睹。
②it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
这是个偏重句,偏重状语
these指的就是哥白尼等这样的逻辑学家的发现——日心说
philosophy n. 哲学
founded有些是分词后置定语,润饰哲学
reason n. 理性
【无缺译文】
①正是伴跟着这些巨大的发现,一种以理性为基础的全新哲学诞生了。
①the church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.?
②this very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through europe during most of the 17th century.
?③(49) as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—theage of reason.
①the church’s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.
church n. 教会(就是罗马天主教)
long-standing adj.长时刻的;悠长的;由来已久的
dogma n. 教义;教条
battle for sth:战争;为…而战争;竞赛
【无缺译文】
①在寻求真理的巨大战争/竞赛中,教会悠长教条正败给理性主义者和科学家。
②this very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through europe during most of the 17th century.
very adj. 刚好的;正是的
embody vt. 体现;代表
that有些是定语从句:
sweep through:席卷(= spread through)
【无缺译文】
①这一实际正体现了新的思维方法,它几乎席卷了17世纪的欧洲。
③(49) as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the age of reason.
as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the age of reason.
as有些是时刻状语从句:
take on:承担;呈现;聘任;与…竞赛
integrate ainto b:使a融入b;使a与b联系在一同。
reasoning n. 推理
scientific philosophy:科学哲学
philosophy n. 哲学;思维体系
即:当越来越多的人担负起将理性(推理)和科学哲学融入世界的责任时。
主句有些:the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the age of reason.
这是两句话and联接:
① the renaissance was over
renaissance n. 文艺复兴。
over adj. 结束的。(class begins,class is over。大学常听教师说的两句话)
② it was time for a new era—the age of reason
era n.年代。
the age ofreason:理性的年代;启蒙年代
即:文艺复兴就结束了,而且,一个新的年代——理性的年代——到来了。
【无缺译文】
①当越来越多的人担负起将理性和科学思维融入世界的责任时,文艺复兴就结束了,一个新的年代降临。
②当许多人承担起企图将理性思维和科学思维融入大千世界这一责任时,文艺复兴即告结束,新的年代从此翻开。
③but after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against fascism created a growing demand in european and american economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.
arising有些是分词后置定语,润饰change(改造)
arise out of/from sth:由…致使;因…发生。
fascism n. 法西斯主义
the successful war against fascism:
反法西斯战争的成功
语句骨干:
changes created a growing demand in european and american economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.
demand for:需要
with有些是介词短语后置定语,润饰graduate(结业生)
secondary school:大学;中等学习
【无缺译文】
①可是二战结束后,因为反法西斯战争的成功,构成了无量的社会和政治改变(改造),这使得欧洲和美国的经济打开,需要更多具有大学以上教育(文凭)的结业生(人才)。
②可是二战今后,反法西斯战争的成功促进欧洲和美国的社会发生了无量的社会和政治改变,这使得它们的经济打开,需要更多具有大学以上教育(文凭)的结业生(人才)。
③可是二战今后,反法西斯战争的成功促进欧洲和美国的社会发生了无量的社会和政治改变,这使得它们的经济打开,对具有大学以上文凭的人才,需要量越来越大。
①world war ii was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.
?②(46) those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3%—5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.?
③but after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against fascism created a growing demand in european and american economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education.?
④(47) and the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.?
⑤these demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the1970s and 1980s.
①world war ii was the watershed event for higher education in modern western societies.
world war ii:第次世界大战,简称二战
watershed n. 分水岭;转机点
event n. 作业
higher education:高级教育
【无缺译文】
①第次世界大战是现代西方社会高级教育的分水岭作业。
②第次世界大战是现代西方社会高级教育的分水岭。
②(46) those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3%—5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3%—5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
those societies?
= modern western societies:现代西方社会
come out of:阅历;从…中出来
(这儿指这些社会阅历了二战后)
enroll vt. 注册;挂号入学。
—— enrollment n. 入学;挂号人数;入学人数
即:阅历二战后,这些社会有着相对一有些的入学率
that后边是定语从句:
that had been roughly constant at 3%—5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
roughly adv. 大致;大约;差不多
constant adj. 不变的;平稳的
relevant adj. 有关的;相应的
age group:年纪段;年纪组
即:这种入学率现已平稳在相应年纪段人数的3%—5%支配
during有些是时刻状语,即:在二战前的几十年,就现已是这样了。
【无缺译文】
①这些社会从二战中走出来时,有着恰当一有些的入学人数,大约占相应年纪人群的3%—5%,而这一比例在二战前的几十年间就现已坚持平稳了。
②在二战前的几十年间,这些社会的适龄青年入学率大约在3%—5%支配,阅历了二战后,入学人数占比照常如此。
③战争结束时,那些社会的高校入学率为相应年纪人群的3%—5%,这一水平在战前数十年里大致坚持平稳。
?③and if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in america as well as in france, italy, west germany, and japan.
if有些是条件状语从句,是两个语句:
if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students
①the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly
population n. 人员
②there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students
loss n. 损失;失掉
apprentice n. 学徒。
——apprenticeship n. 学徒期;学徒身份
apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students:师生联络
faculty member:教员(=staff)
即:假定研讨生人数猛增,而且学生与教师(教员)之间亲近的师徒联络不见了。
and if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in america as well as in france, italy, west germany, and japan.
主句有些:the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in america as well as in france, italy, west germany, and japan.
chief adj. 首要的
consequence n. 影响(for)
intellectual adj. 智力的;常识的;n. 常识分子
即:那么,对新来的研讨生来说,学生文明就是首要的社会化力气,这对该系的常识和学术日子有重要的影响
破折号后边是具体说明:
this was seen in america as well as in france, italy, west germany, and japan.
this指前面的内容
即:这一点在美国、法国、意大利、西德和日本都都有体现。
【无缺译文】
①假定研讨生人数也灵敏增加,教员和学生之间失掉了亲近的学徒联络,学生文明就会变成新研讨生的首要交际力气,这种情况在美国、法国、意大利、西德和日本都有发生。
②假定研讨生人数也猛增,而且学生与教师(教员)之间亲近的师徒联络不见了,那么,对新来的研讨生来说,学生文明就是首要的社会化力气,这对该系的常识和学术日子有重要的影响,这一点在美国、法国、意大利、西德和日本都都有体现。
②for example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of ①governance, of ②administration, and above all of ③socialization.
strain n. 压力;重负
existing adj. 现存的;现行的
structures of governance:打点规划;打点方法
structures of administration:行政体系
above all:特别是
structures of socialization:社会化方法
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①例如,高增加率给现有的打点规划、行政体系、特别是社会化方法带来了无量的压力。
③when a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
这儿有两个时刻状语从句:
① when a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years,
faculty n. 系;院(高校);全体职工
department n. 部分;系;所
say vt. 例如,
= for example,一般用在句中或句尾,
句首一般用for example
即:例如,当一个系或许部分人数三四年从五个成员增加到二十。
② when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study,
staff n. 职工(这儿指新来的教员)
predominantly adv.主导地;大大都
fresh有些是描述词短语后置定语
fresh from:刚从…来
postgraduate adj.研讨生
即:当新来的教员都是刚刚研讨生结业的青年人时(这儿的男女都是人,所以兼并了概念)
主句有些:they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
largely adv. 大体上;很大程度上;多半
norm n. 标准;标准
academic adj. 学术的
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①当(某一系)新来的教员都是刚刚研讨生结业的青年人时,他们在很大程度上就树立了该系的学术日子标准。
②当绝大大都新教职职工是刚刚结束研讨生学业的年青人时,他们就在很大程度上树立了地址院系的学术日子标准。
para.4:①each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.?
②for example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization.?
③when a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.?
③and if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culturebecomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in america as well as in france, italy, west germany, and japan.?
④(50) high growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.?
⑤in the 1960s and 1970s, european universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
①each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.
manifestation n. 体现
each of these manifestations of growth,指上文时分的三个方面的体现
carry vt. 带着
peculiar adj. 特另外;特别的
in sb’s/sth’swake:跟紧或人/某物后边(随之而来)
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① 每一种增加体现都伴跟着它自个特有的疑问。
② 每一种增加体现都会随之发生相应的疑问。
para.2:①the growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.?
②there was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of western europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.?
③second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.?
④and third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
③second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.
obviously adv. 显着地
affect vt. 影响
size n. 规划;巨细;尺码
absolute adj. 必定的;悉数的;完全的
institution n. 机构(这儿指高校)
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① 其次,很显着,高级教育的增加不但影响了教育体系的必定规划,而且还影响了单个高校的必定规划。
④and third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
reflect vt. 反映(in)
proportion n. 比例
changes in the proportion of the relevant age group:相应年纪人群比率的改变
enrolled有些是分词后置定语
【无缺译文】
① 第三,高级教育的增加还反映在进入高校的适龄人群比例改变上。
para.2:①the growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.?
②there was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of western europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.?
③second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.?
④and third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
②there was first the rate of growth : (48) in many countries of western europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
即:首要是增加率疑问
冒号后边是具体说明:
in many countries of western europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
western europe:西欧(相关于东欧而言,前史常识)
即:在许多西欧国家
① the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s
即:在20世纪60年代,承受高级教育的学生人数五年内就添加了一倍
②the numbers of students in higher education doubled again in seven, eight,or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
即:到20世纪70年代中期,承受高级教育的学生人数在七、8或十年内又添加了一倍
【无缺译文】
① 在许多西欧国家,在20世纪60年代,承受高级教育的学生人数五年内就添加了一倍;到20世纪70年代中期,承受高级教育的学生人数在七、8或十年内又添加了一倍。
② 在许多西欧国家,高级院校的学生数量在二十世纪六十年代时刻五年翻了一番,之后经过七、8或十年的时刻到七十年代中期又翻了一番。
para.2:①the growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.?
②there was first the rate of growth: (48) in many countries of western europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
③second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.?
④and third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
①the growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.
growth n. 增加;打开
manifest vt. 标明;理解闪现
manifest itself in sth:闪现;使人留心到;露出
即:高级教育的打开,至少从三个不一样的方面可以看出
and后边是另外一个语句:
these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems.
these指three ways
in turn:顺次;轮流;逐个
give rise to:致使;致使
【无缺译文】
① 高级教育的打开至少体如今三个截然不一样的方面,而这些相继又引发了一系列不一样的疑问。
② 至少从三个不一样的方面可以看出高级教育的打开,而且,这三个方面又相继致使了一系列不一样的疑问
⑤these demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.
these demand指上文说的对承受高级教育的需要
result in:构成
即:这些需要构成了高等教育体系的极速扩展。
beginning有些是分词做状语,标明时刻,其逻辑主语就是expansion:
①beginning in the 1960s and ②developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.
即:这种灵敏的扩展始于20世纪60年代,70年到80年代快速打开,即便打开不均衡。
【无缺译文】
① 这些需要致使了高级教育体系的灵敏扩展,从20世纪60年代初步,70年代到80年代打开非常灵敏,尽管不均衡。
② 这些需要构成了高等教育体系的极速扩展,这种灵敏的扩展始于20世纪60年代,70年到80年代快速打开,即便打开不均衡。
④(47) and the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
and the demand that rosein those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
that有些是定语从句
rise vt. 上升;添加
entry n. 进入
the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education,即:这些社会中,对承受高级教育需要的不断添加/对承受高级教育的需要在这些社会中不断添加/在这些社会中,越来越多的人想要承受高级教育
the demand extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
extend to:延伸到;拓宽到
that有些是定语从句:
that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
attend vt. 参加;上学;去学校
【无缺译文】
①而且,在这些社会中,对承受高级教育不断增加的需要拓宽到了那些战前从未想过要上大学的人群和社会阶层中。
②而且,在这些社会中,越来越多的人想要承受高级教育,这种趋势触及到了那些战前从未想过要上大学的人群和社会阶层。
③ 而且,在这些社会中,不断增加的、对高级教育的需要拓宽到了那些战前从未想过要上大学的人群和社会阶层中。
④那些社会中关于承受高级教育的需要增加了,其规模扩展到战前没有思考过上大学的集体和社会阶层。
④(50) high growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
这是分号联接的两个语句:
①high growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation;
chance n. 机缘;可以性
innovation n. 立异
即:高增加率添加了学术立异的可以性/机缘
②they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
they = high growth rates
weaken vt. 弱化;削弱
form n. 方法
process n. 进程;流程
by有些是定语从句:
by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
admit vt. 答应进入;承受(学生);答应参加
community n. 社区
scholar n. 专家
during有些是时刻状语
【无缺译文】
①高增加率添加了学术立异的可以性/机缘;但也削弱了在平稳时期或许增加缓慢期,吸纳教师和学生进入学术集体(社区)的各种方法和流程。
②高增加率添加了学术立异的可以性/机缘;但在平稳时期或许增加缓慢期,也削弱了各种方法和流程,经过这些方法和流程,教师和学生得以进入学术集体(社区)/参加专家社群。
③高增加率添加了学术立异的可以性,一起也弱化了在平稳时期或缓慢增加时期接收教师和学生进人专家集体的那些方法和流程。
⑤in the 1960s and 1970s, european universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
marked adj. 显着的;显着的
arrange vt. 组织;组织。
——arrangement n. 组织;组织
empower vt. 授权。
—— empowermentn. 授权
junior adj. 资历浅的;职位较低的
to some degree:在必定程度上
empowerment of students as well.
as well:也
【无缺译文】
①在二十世纪六、七十年代,跟着授权给一些职位较低的教员,而且必定程度上也给学生权力,欧洲的大学在打点规划上发生了显着的改变(欧洲大学的打点规划呈现了显着的改动)。