??“
when people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains releases oxytocin, a hormone that produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to connect with one another.?当我们信赖一自个或一个机构的时分,他们的大脑会开释出催产素,那是一种能发生愉悦情感和激起群集天性的激素,该天性促进我们彼此联络。
咱们首要来回想一下上一期的长难句分析,这一个语句傍边就包括两个定语从句。
假定仍然觉得这个语句有点扎手的小火伴可以回想上一次的公号分析。
?
?
下面咱们用一个笑话来翻开今日定语从句语法常识点的回想。
the ruler of? an ancient kingdom wanted to disprove the rumor that their wives ruled the men of his domain. he had all the males in his kingdom brought before him and warned that any man that did not tell the truth would be punished severely. then he asked all the men that obey their wives’ directions and advice to step to the left side of the hall. all the men did so but one little man that moved to the right. “it’s good to see,” said the king,“that we have one real man in the kingdom. tell these chicken-hearted dunces why you alone among them stand on the right side of the hall.” “your majesty,” came the reply in a squealing voice, “it is because before i left home my wife told me to keep put of crowds.”
你可以从中找出几个定语从句呢?
定语从句一向是语法中的一大体点,也是一大难点。
在考研英语的阅览了解中包括许多的从句,对从句的了解可以直接联络到对文章粗心的掌控,也是细节揣度题非常喜爱查询的当地。另外,在翻译中定语从句的翻译也是一大考点,特别对错限制定语从句活络的翻译办法更是深受考官喜爱。因而,掌控根柢的定语从句的语法常识是必不可以少的。
英语和汉语的一个根柢不一样就是名词润饰语即定语的方位差异。汉语的定语一概在名词前面,而英语的定语有的在名词前,有的在名词后,因而又分为前置定语和后置定语。其间,定语从句就是后置定语的一种。
?
?
先行词 & 联络词——定语从句中最重要的两个概念
任何从句都可以拆分红几个简略句,定语从句也不破例。咱们用两个简略句来看一下定语成句是如何构成的。
i like guys and? they have a good sense of humor.
这儿咱们可以看出来有两个简略句。
i like guys.
they have a good sense of humor.
咱们不丑陋出,代词they指代的就是前一个简略句中的guys。因而,这两个语句中有一有些就是重复的——guys(they)。
咱们将重复的有些用联络词替代,将两个简略句改写成一个带有定语从句的凌乱句:
i like guys who have a good sense of humor.?我喜爱有诙谐感的人。
在上面这个比方傍边,guys 就是先行词,who就是联络词,who引导的定语从句紧跟在先行词guys的后边。“who have a good sense of humor”可以翻译成“有诙谐感的”。
先行词,即被定语从句所润饰的目标,也就是两个简略句重复的有些。
联络词,用来重复指代先行词,起到联接主句和从句作用。
一般来说,由联络词引导的定语从句需要紧跟在先行词的后边,起到的作用与描述词类似,表达的意思类似于“……的”。当然,在越凌乱的语句中,从句的翻译也更为活络。
下面咱们再来看几个语句。
i have a good friend who cares me deeply.
the book which you lent me yesterday is on the table.
he likes running that is a good exercise.
i have a friend whose mother is a famous actress.
they arrived on the day when it was raining.
the picture shows a small town where i was born.
you must give me a reason why you were late again this morning.
你能判别上面的语句是不是是定语从句吗?
你能判别先行词和联络词吗?
上述各联络词在从句中充当的成分是相同的吗?
i have a good friend who cares me deeply.
是定语从句,先行词是friend,联络词是who,who在从句中作主语。
译文:我有一个很关怀我的好兄弟。
the book which you lent me yesterday is on the table.
是定语从句,先行词是the book,联络词是which,which在从句中作宾语。
译文:你昨日借给我的那本书在桌上。
he likes running that is a good exercise.
是定语从句,先行词是running,联络词是that,that在从句中作主语。
译文:他很喜爱跑步这项安康的运动。
i have a friend whose mother is a famous actress.
是定语从句,先行词是friend,联络词是whose,“whose mother”在从句中作主语。
译文:我有一个兄弟,他母亲是一个出名演员。
they arrived on the day when it was raining.
是定语从句,先行词是the day,联络词是when,when在从句中作时刻状语。
译文:他们到的那天正鄙人雨。
the picture shows a small town where i was born.
是定语从句,先行词是town,联络词是where,where在从句中作地址状语。
译文:相片里的那个小镇是我出世的当地。
you must give me a reason why you were late again this morning.
是定语从句,先行词是reason,联络词是why,why在从句中作缘由状语。
译文:你有必要向我奉告理解你今日早上为啥又迟到了。
?
?
?
联络代词 & 联络副词——联络词的两大类型
从上面的语句中咱们可以简略的将联络词分红两类,一类是,在从句中充当主语或宾语或表语的联络词:
i have a good friend who cares me deeply.
the book which you lent me yesterday is on the table.
he likes running that is a good exercise.
i have a friend whose mother is a famous actress.
另一类则是,在从句中充当状语的联络词:
they arrived on the day when it was raining.
the picture shows a small town where i was born.
you must give me a reason why you were late again this morning.
根据他们在定语从句中充当成分的不一样,咱们将前者称为联络代词,后者称为联络副词。
联络代词
联络代词包括:that,which,who,whom,whose。
?
咱们需要留心的是,联络代词在充当宾语的时分,可以省掉。可是,宾语又可以分红动词的宾语和介词的宾语。在介宾规划中,则稍有改变。
i have a good friend?that/who/whom/省掉?i can trust. 动宾规划
i have a good friend?that/who/whom/省掉i can count on. 介宾规划
i have a good friend on?whom?i can count on. 介宾规划
在上述三个比方中,例句一和例句二中联络代词的用法相同,即联络代词充当宾语是可以省掉。
可是在例句三中,介宾规划的介词是可以提前的至联络代词的前面,在这种情况下,联络代词只能选择whom,不能用that,也不能用who,而且不能省掉。
相同地,抢先行词为物的时分,若介词提前,则只能选择which,不能用that,而且不能省掉。例如,i love the town in whcih i lived. 我很爱我早年住过的小镇。
另外还有几点需要留心:
1. 联络代词充当主语时不能省掉;
2. 因为whose标明所属联络,因而一般可以替换成“of whom/which”。根据具体情况需要弥补上“the”。
i have a friend?whose mother?is a famous actress.
i have a friend?of whom the mother?is a famous actress.
3. which & that &who 用法的区别:
?
?
?
联络副词
?
?联络副词包括:when,where,why。
when——在定从中充其时刻状语
i’ll never forget the day when we first met. 我永久不会忘掉咱们初度碰头的时分。
where——在定从中充当地址状语
i prefer living in the village where you can get fresh air. 我甘愿住在可以呼吸新鲜空气的村庄。
why——在定从中充当缘由状语
the reason why you did not attend class this morning cannot talk me around. 你早上逃课的理由无法说服我。
?
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的最显着的不一样就在所以不是有逗号离隔。
he has a daughter who works in the hospital.?
he has a daughter, who works in the hospital.
其实,除了逗号,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的意义也有所不一样。细心揣摩下上述两个比方的不一样意义,你能感遭到有啥差异吗?
he has a daughter who works in the hospital. ?他有一个在医院作业的女儿。(他可以有许多女儿,其间有一个女儿在医院作业。)
he has a daughter, who works in the hospital.?他有一个女儿,她在医院作业。(他只需一个女儿,这个女儿在医院作业。)
那么限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句本质上究竟有何差异呢?
限制性定语从句,即没有逗号的定语从句,是用来对一个名词或名词短语供给必要信息的,用来阐明定语从句所润饰的先行词的身份或性质,或许用来捆绑先行词所指的规模。若去掉限制性定语从句,则主句有些意义不清楚或不无缺。
而非限制性定语从句,即有逗号离隔的定语从句,只是用来供给附加信息而非必要信息的,用于对先行词进行进一步的说明、弥补或阐明。若去掉,整个主句的意义仍然清楚,不会致使误解或歧义。
a child whose parents are died is called orphan.
思考一下,这个语句是不是可以改写成非限制性定语从句呢?
是不能的。
假定改写成非限制性定语从句,则变成:
a child, whose parents are died, is called orphan.
咱们
去掉非限制性定语从句的有些,整个语句就变成a child is called orphan.?一个孩子是孤儿。显着整个语句呈现了歧义,将孩子和孤儿之间划上了等号。
不管是限制性定语从句还对错限制性定语从句,在考研英语的考试中都是要点查询目标。特别对错限制定语从句,因为其方法更为活络,在翻译中变成了重难点,当我们碰到这种题型的时分需要好好揣摩哦~
另外在作文写作中,假定能写出出彩的定语从句,特别对错限制性定语从句都是恰当加分的呢!即便不能写出令人眼前一亮的语句,首要坚持句式语法的正确性才不至于失分,这也不容无视哦!
参阅文献:《英语语法新思维》
?
?
等待参加“考研真题长难句打卡群”哦,可以在微信“小打卡”查找~
“考研真题长难句打卡群”,每天从考研真题阅览中选择一句长难句,进行打卡分析,第二天在发布下一条长难句的一起,经过大众号联接发布前一句长难句具体分析的文章,以做查对。等待参加哦~
?
三分钟冷度
?????